ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the standards of personal hygiene in secondary level students
Study Design: Observational / descriptive / cross sectional study
Place and duration of study: This study was conducted at Government Sardar Essa Khan Girls High School, Quetta from July 2014 to December 2014
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on grade 7[th] and 8[th] students of Government Girls High School Quetta with the help of questionnaire. Health status of students was also examined by performing physical examination
Results: Amongst the target population 40.31% students were 11 to 13 years old, 57.65% were 13-16 years old while 2.04% students belonged to the 16.1 to 19 age group. Parents of the majority of the participants were literate. Family income of 52.65% students was above Rs. 15000/month. All the students had closed sewage system and community water supply in their houses. More than 80% of students were found neat, clean and healthy according to the criteria of health score designed for this study
Conclusion: This study indicates satisfactory personal hygienic conditions amongst target students but still there was a room for improvement. However, awareness campaigns should be conducted in schools to increase understanding about good hygiene practices
ABSTRACT
To assess the efficacy and safety of combination of caudal bupivacaine anesthesia and diclofenac sodium suppository for postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients. Interventional study. Imam Clinic [a private hospital] North Nazimabad Karachi. from May 2004 to March 2007. All pediatric patient ASA physical one and two between the ages 6 months to 12years of either sex undergoing infra umbilical surgery received caudal block with bupivacaine 0.25% in a dose of 0.5ml/Kg and diclofenac sodium suppository 1mg/Kg rectally. Patients in whom caudal analgesia was contra indicated or failed were excluded from the study. Postoperative pain was assessed using observers' pain scale and self report of pain by child when he was greater than 2 years age. Postoperative complications were also recorded. During the study period, 99 patients undergoing different infra umbilical procedures [hernia, hypospadias repair, PPV ligation, circumcision, orchidopexy etc] received combination of caudal bupivacaine analgesia and rectally administered diclofenac sodium for post- operative analgesia. There were 94 male patients. In all patients caudal block remained successful. All patients were pain free and none of them required additional/rescue analgesia. Postoperative nausea and vomiting were reported in 3 patients. No other side effects like retention of urine, respiratory depression etc was observed postoperatively. Combination of single shot caudal block with bupivacine 0.25% in a dose of 0.5 ml/Kg and rectal diclofenac sodium for postoperative analgesia in pediatric patient is a simple, safe and effective procedure